THE GREENBACK COULD END UP SEEING RED

FOREX MARKET ANALYSIS

Between 2015 and 2021, the dollar has been relatively stable against its major counterparts. Some would even say abnormally sluggish. Things are different now. The dollar appreciated by +19% between January and September, reaching its highest level in twenty years and an all-time high against some currencies, such as the pound sterling. The reasons for this appreciation are numerous and, for the most part, well known to investors.

The reasons for the strength of the dollar are fundamental:

• Both the interest rate differential (see Fig. 2) and the inflation differential (see Fig. 3) are in favour of the dollar.
• Rising commodity prices in general and energy in particular, which are globally traded in dollars, have increased demand.
• International investors prefer US financial assets (stocks and bonds): these deliver the same kind of performance as local currency assets, while their face value increases as the dollar appreciates.
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They are also political and behavioural:

• Russia's recent entry into the war has been on European soil, putting pressure on European governments, corporates, and households, not least through rising energy prices. Moreover, the risks of a geopolitical slippage or a nuclear accident cannot be ruled out.
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• The debt crisis, both public and private, is back on the agenda. Europe, through its political construction, will probably be less effective than the United States in managing it effectively.
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• The dollar’s “smile”, popularised by Stephen Jen when he was chief currency economist at Morgan Stanley, states that the US currency tends to appreciate above fundamentals when the economic and financial environment is doing very badly or very well. Conversely, the dollar weakens when the overall environment is weak (see Fig. 4).
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• Investors are almost all positioned in the same direction: buyers of dollars. Speculative positions recently reached 77% of open interest. This is the highest level in over 17 years (see Fig. 5). Paradoxically, if these flows support the dollar's appreciation trend in the short term, they will underpin the fall in the medium term. When the dollar starts to fall, traders will be forced to unwind their long positions in order to manage their risk. By doing so, they will exacerbate the next downtrend.
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The flip side of the greenback's recent strength is that it is moving further away from its economic fundamentals. On a Purchasing Power Parity basis, it is now +34% overvalued against the euro, for example (see Chart of the Week and Fig. 6). Against the yen, the strength of the dollar is such that it prompted a reaction from the Japanese government, which intervened directly in the foreign exchange markets on 22 September to support the Japanese currency. Despite the excesses, the dollar's overvaluation could increase. In 2001, during the dotcom bubble, the dollar was +40% "overpriced" and in 1985, before the Plaza Accord, +50%. It could therefore take "some time" for the major states to coordinate their efforts to stabilise foreign exchange rates... and avoid provoking or exacerbating a crisis like the last seven times the dollar soared (see Fig. 7).

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Forty years ago, agreements were not reached quickly. Japan and Germany, in coordination with the United States, sought to strengthen the yen and the deutsche mark to counterbalance the greenback. While 22 September 1985 is remembered, investors sometimes forget that the discussions started in 1982, requiring more than three years of preparation (see Fig. 8).

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Today, the ability of governments and central banks to coordinate is greater. However, there are several factors that counteract this:

• The interests of the countries concerned are not all aligned. A weaker dollar would run against what the Federal Reserve (Fed) and the US Treasury are trying to achieve: lower inflation. In the very short term, it seems difficult to envisage Uncle Sam opting for a dollar inflationary policy. Without the involvement of the US, an agreement is unlikely to succeed. The strength of the greenback would have to be perceived as intolerable, either because it suffocates American exporters or because it poses a risk to global financial stability, particularly in emerging markets. As emerging countries finance themselves in dollars, the cost of debt and the risk of insolvency increase as the dollar appreciates.
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• The currency market is extremely deep. The daily volume of foreign exchange transactions is USD 8,300 billion, compared to around USD 200 billion in 1985. It is now 40 times larger than it was 40 years ago. By comparison, the Group of 10 major economies (G10) collectively has $2.8 trillion in foreign reserve assets (deposits and securities). If investors believe that this stock is too small to have a lasting impact on currency prices, they may be tempted to test the determination of the countries involved in an agreement.

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Finally, to weaken the dollar, it would be far more effective for the Fed to "pivot" away from its strategy of raising policy rates, or for other central banks to quickly join it on the restrictive side of monetary policy.

Conclusion

Most currencies have fallen heavily against the dollar. The US could end up suffering from an overly strong currency, which certainly helps to contain imported inflation but also penalises its export competitiveness. Investors must remain patient. Rather than trying to catch a falling knife, it is often better to wait until the trend is clearly reversed before buying currencies against Uncle Sam's currency.

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RETURN ON FINANCIAL ASSETS